Church of the Sagrada Familia | Architecture Analysis

Church of the Sagrada Familia Architecture AnalysisApertures of Ascension Style and Design in the Sagrada Familia by Antoni GaudiThe church of the Sagrada Familia, perhaps more than any of Gaudis antecedent works, expresses his belief that a mystic imageism inhabits the form of architecture. (Schmutzler 1962, 212). The church was a lifetime commission and remained uncompleted upon his death in 1926 a reflection of the pipe dream and scale of the project. It has been described as the most important ecclesiastic building since the late eighteenth century (Schmultzer 1962, 227) with its most poignant features beingness the rich typewriter ribbon and editorials with their Expressionist shape and form.On the approach the eye is caught by the spindle-shaped towers ascending to differing heights. They were designed to represent the twelve Apostles, the Evangelists, Mary, with the tallest representing Jesus. One is immediately aw atomic number 18 of the vastness of verticality in Ga udis design both in the exterior and interior. The towers are yet to be completed, with work currently underway on constructing the tower of Jesus. However, the undone towers are strikingly tapered, standing proud against the skyline. Gaudi was a great believer in the enormousness of spiritual meaning in architecture and this is reflected in the placing of a symbol of each apostle on the highest point of each tower on the meeting place between the sky and the extent of the structure. The towers are embellish with Hosanna, Excelsis, and Sanctus, and the doors of the Passion faade reproduce words from the Bible in different languages. Yet the placing of the symbols in such a prominent position is par inwardness present as it suggests that a language of symbols, without words, is the ultimate form of communication between man and God.In the model of the Sagrada Familia (see below) we see the tower of Jesus bearing the symbol of the cross itself pointed and finite Source http//en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_familiaThis image of the structure tapering to a single point, with all its supporting towers, illustrates Gaudis belief in the human ca pulmonary tuberculosis to have faith in the single, omnipotent presence of God. This sense is conveyed upon entering the church when one becomes fully aware of the monumental scale of the structure and the renewal of forms which are incorporated into the design. Gaudi cute to disassociate himself from the Gothic features of existing cathedrals, such as Chartres, where flying exactlytresses and external buttresses are an expected feature. The interior arches are so not common in western architectural tradition and use non-circular shapes, called parabolic or catenary. (Huerta 2006 324). The arches of the interior and the towers of the exterior both seek the same lines of ascension. Furthermore, at that place is a twofold sense of the infinite in both the interior and exterior design firstly, the fact that the plans for both inside and outside have nonoperational not yet been executed illustrates how Gaudis ideas transcended the timeframe in which he had to work and might make up exceed the 100th anniversary of his death. Secondly, it is evident that Gaudi wanted the finished Sagrada Familia to be a structure of indefinite permanence this can be seen in his use of weight bearing columns instead of flying buttresses. He refused to use the gothic buttresses, stating that they were akin to the crutches of a cripple. http//www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/i_vida/i_sagr2.asp. Furthermore, the fact that his buttresses were inside the building was imperative to him, as they avoided being subjected to the elements, which would have accelerated their deterioration and threatened the buildings permanence. There is perhaps even a symbolic meaning to this inclusion of the buttresses it might suggest that spiritual strength in a human being as well as a building is internal and people should look within the mselves for the way to communicate with God and not to others, or the stuff world.The Sangara Familia appears from the outside as a slender, insurmountable form, with the towers having an organic texture, bid that of a honeycomb or wattle. This might be Gaudi suggesting that the natural world is get acrossd with spiritual importance with features such as the honeycomb having an intrinsic place within Gods design. As it has been said of Gaudis work, artifice is made to resemble temperament and nature to resemble artifice contradictions are harmonized planes, lines and intersections are constrained the subtle and the hazy are cast in bronze and set in stone music is injected into the solid, colour into the air, and even soul into mathematics. (Cassou et al 1962, 23). This tendency of Gaudis to decorate and design using natural imagery is continued in the interior with a richness of decoration and the inclusion of spiral staircases in the apse and bell towers. In the windows of t he apse there are many features which are inspired from nature, and are enhanced by light and shade contrasts. http//www.sagradafamilia.org/eng/index.htm. The subtle play on light in the interior is developed more expressively on the extravagant and diverse exterior facades, where the Nativity spires have colourful textured surfaces made of Gaudis technique of using mosaic tiles and broken Venetian glass. Figures of an emancipated Christ are juxtaposed against this rich decoration. Indeed, Gaudi has been described as not just an architect, but as a sculptor too, possessing the ability to imbue structures with sculptural qualities, to conceive of architecture as a large shape that can be experienced tactually. (Collins 1962, 10).Yet his techniques differ considerably from one dispel of the church to the next. In the inner faade of the transept we see geometrically pure, rectangular, rectilinear, or cubic forms (Schmutzler1962,227), radically different to the prismatic external tower s. It is as if he wanted his building to be prophetic, to see beyond the time of which it was born to the more dynamic eras ahead. This is reflected in his diverse style and his intention for the building to be lit at night to proclaim the Almighty God. (Collins et al 1962, 161). He thus gave the spires openings where searchlights were to be installed, focusing on a huge cross on the cardinal cupola and on the street below, reflecting his wish that the buildings presence could be felt and seen by all those in its vicinity, and for a long time to come.Biblio representyCassou, J., Langui, E., Pevsner, N., 1962, access to the Twentieth Century Art and Culture in a Changing World. New York McGraw-HillCrasemann Collins, C, ( transltr), Christiane Crasemann Conrads, U., and Sperlich, H.G., 1962, The Architecture of Fantasy Utopian Building and Planning in mod Times. New York Frederick A. PraegerHuerta, S., 2006, Structural Design in the Work of Gaudi. Architectural Science Review. Volu me 49. Issue 4. P. 324+. University of Sydney, Faculty of ArchitectureSchmutzler, R., 1962, Art Nouveau. New York Harry N. Abramsuniversal resource locatorSAntoni Gaudi Website. Available fromhttp//www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/i_vida/i_sagr2.aspAccessed 06/03/07Online Encyclopaedia. Available fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_familiaAccessed 06/03/07Sagrada Familia information pages. Available fromhttp//www.sagradafamilia.org/eng/index.htm.Accessed 06/03/07Spectroscopy of Salicylates Lab ReportSpectroscopy of Salicylates Lab ReportThe scenario is that a cleaning lady has been stopped by the police due to the condition of her driving. She tells the police that her driving was erratic due to trying to take the lid of a bottle of aspirin which she required for a severe headache. The police could not find the aspirin bottle within the car and the woman then told the police that it got thrown out of the vehicle. Serums samples were taken from the woman to do alcohol and drug canvas s.Aspirin is an analgesic drug that appends pain relief without causing unconsciousness and anesthesia. Aspirin is used to help with pain, fever, osteoarthritis, inflammatory conditions, migraine headaches and many other things.Salicylates are the main substance in aspirin and this is what is being tested for. To test for this substance visible spectroscopy will be used. Spectroscopy has a variety of methods that are the interaction between light and matter. For this practical the method used is visible spectroscopy via the use of a spectrophotometer. This equipment measures the amount of light absorbed by passing a beam of light through the sample and the amount of light is measured by a detector. This produces an absorbance mensurate which can be used to calculate niggardlinesss.The aim of this test is to calculate the concentration of the serum samples to find out whether the aims of salicylic acid in these samples are deadly or not.Methods and MaterialsThe materials that we re used are 0.2mg/ml Salicylic acid, ferric Nitrate solution, 0.039M HNO3, water and a sample of the womans serum. The equipment used was a spectrophotometer, a graduated pipette and cuvettes.To be able to find out the salicylic acid concentrations of the serum samples, six standardized solutions had to be created first. Each standard solution was composed of a combination of H2O, salicylic acid, Ferric nitrate and HNO3 all totalling up to 2ml in each solution.The components of the solutions seen in table 1 were placed into test tubes using a graduated pipette. The solutions were then tangled thoroughly and left for 5 minutes. After five minutes a sample of each solution was placed into cuvettes using the pipette. The spectrophotometer was then set a 540nm.Using solution 1 as the space the spectrophotometer was then set to zero. Every other standard solution was then inserted into the spectrophotometer to obtain absorption measurements using the blank as a zero reference.Three 2 ml samples of the womans serum were then created using a combination of the materials seen supra.The components of the serum solutions were then placed into test tubes at the volumes shown in table 2. These samples were then mixed thoroughly and left for five minutes. After five minutes the samples were then placed into cuvettes, and then the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer was again set at 540nm and the serum blank used as the blank. The other two serum samples were then placed into the machine and the absorption results recorded.ResultsThe measurements from the spectrophotometer where recorded and concentrations of Salicylic acid calculated for the standard solution. These concentrations then created a calibration curve to allow the serum sample concentrations to be discovered.The concentrations in table 3 where calculated using C1V1=C2V2. Where C1 is 0.02mg/ml, the original concentration of salicylic acid, V1 is the volume of salicylic acid, C2 is the unknown concentrati on and V2 is 1ml, the total volume of H2O and Salicylic acid. For example standard 3 has the concentration 0.06mg/ml. From looking at table 1 it is seen that C1 is 0.02mg/ml andV1 is 0.3ml. it is then known that C2 is unknown and V2 is 1ml. The equation is then rearranged to C2 = C1V1/ V2 to produce C2=0.02mg/ml x 0.3ml / 1ml = 0.06mg/ml.The concentration and absorption results are then put into a graph to create a calibration curve.Calibration curveThe calibration curve shown in figure 1 was plotted from the results in table 3. This curve was then used to calculate the concentration of the serum solutions.Concentration and absorbance results for the three serum samplesThe results in table 4 where done as a duplicate to farm the results more accurate and reliable but due to an error within the practical. An average was later calculated to correct the inaccuracy created by the error, but ideally the test should have been done with 3 samples.DiscussionUsing the results from table 4 a nd the calibration curve from figure one it can be determined if the results rival with the drivers story. The average serum sample had a salicylic acid concentration of 0.116mg/ml. In relation to the standard solutions this result is quite high therefore the results confirm she did in fact take aspirin. From this it cannot be fully determined if the level is toxic or not.Salicylic acid toxicity causes many bio-chemical that target no specific organ. An acuate overdose would cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting and tinnitus. If the overdose was chronic there would be symptoms like confusion, fever, hypoxia, dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Other symptoms of toxicity are respiratory alkalosis, alkaline urine and headaches. Comparing the symptoms with the scenario some of the symptoms could explain the reasons for her erratic driving but there still could be other reasons.Serum levels of salicylic acid provide if the ingested amount was alterative, toxic or chronic toxicity. A t herapeutic level is 15-30mg/ml and a toxic level is 40-50mg/ml. Any serum level above 60mg/ml is a chronic level. To compare the concentration of the serum to toxicity levels the serum concentration must be converted to mg/dl. For this it is need to be known that there are 100 millilitres in 1 decilitre, therefore 0.116mg/ml needs to be multiplied by one hundred. The serum level is then 11.6mg/dl this level is not a toxic level but does confirm that aspirin was taken at a possible therapeutic level. This confirms that the woman was telling the truth about taking aspirin but does not confirm why her driving was erratic.Other test could also be done to test for salicylic acid, these as urine pH, a bedside ferric chloride test and arterial blood gases. Also high-performance liquid chromatography could be used but this requires time that would not be available in a serious toxicity. Salicylic acid has many related compounds, for example, benzoic acid, phenol, magnesium salicylate and am inosalicylic acid. Test for these could also be done to help determine the source.ConclusionIn conclusion the results from the visible spectroscopy show that the woman did not have salicylic acid toxicity even though she did take aspirin. As her levels where not toxic there has to be another reason for her driving. To confirm this more test could be done like the urine pH and the arterial blood gasses. Also test on the related compounds could be carried out to confirm is she did take aspirin or if the levels in of salicylate in her blood are from elsewhere. The next thing to do would be to test for alcohol and other drugs both legal and illegal. Other drugs to test for could be things like cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, marijuana, methadone, tramadol and oxycodone. These could be testing for either through the blood, urine or hair.